Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in particular Article 28 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
Space activities are expanding and their importance is crucial. Space is a resource for all states in the world. Those which do not yet have space activities could have them in the future. Therefore, the Union considers that strengthening the security of outer-space activities is an important goal that will contribute to the development and security of states. This objective is part of the Union's space policy.
On 12 December 2003, the European Council adopted a European Security Strategy identifying global challenges and threats, and calling for a rule-based international order based on effective multilateralism and well-functioning international institutions.
The European Security Strategy acknowledges the United Nations Charter as the fundamental framework for international relations and advocates strengthening the United Nations (UN) and equipping it to fulfil its responsibilities and to act effectively. The Union works towards a high degree of cooperation in all fields of international relations, in order, inter alia, to preserve peace, prevent conflicts and strengthen international security, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter.
The Union is committed to the development and implementation of transparency and confidence-building measures, as a means to achieve enhanced space security. The Union is also particularly sensitive to the issue of the risks posed by space debris, irrespective of its origins, which is detrimental to present and future activities.
On 18 September 2007, in its reply to UN General Assembly resolution 61/75 of 6 December 2006, the Union introduced its proposal for an international Code of Conduct for outer-space activities (‘the Code of Conduct’) and launched consultations to promote the development of a preliminary draft.
In its Conclusions of 8-9 December 2008, the Council of the European Union supported the first draft for an international Code of Conduct, in which states would participate on a voluntary basis, and which included transparency and confidence-building measures, as a basis for consultations with key third states that have activities in outer space or have interests in outer-space activities, with the aim of securing a text that is acceptable to the greatest number of states.
On 27 September 2010, the Council of the European Union gave a mandate to the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR) to carry out further and wider consultations on the basis of a revised version of the draft Code of Conduct produced by the Union in the light of consultations with interested states.
The Union proposal for a draft Code of Conduct was formally presented to the international community in Vienna on 5 June 2012. Subsequently a process of open-ended consultations (OEC) on the draft text was initiated, with the aim of increasing the transparency and inclusivity of the process. Three rounds of consultations were held, the latter two on revised versions of the Code of Conduct: on 16-17 May 2013 in Kyiv, on 20-22 November 2013 in Bangkok and, finally, on 27-28 May 2014 in Luxembourg. Each of those meetings was attended by participants from more than 60 states, and altogether included participants from more than 80 states.
At the end of the OEC held in Luxembourg on 27-28 May 2014, the Chair concluded that the process of three rounds of OEC held by the European External Action Service (EEAS) with the involvement of the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) in 2013-2014 had played a valuable role in developing a better mutual understanding of positions and concerns among the participating states. A strong desire had been expressed by many participants in Luxembourg to move the process from a consultative to a negotiating phase, in which the draft text of the Code of Conduct, developed in the OEC process, to which many states had contributed and which remained open to further changes, should serve as the basis for future multilateral negotiations. A number of participants in the OEC process had noted the need for some kind of UN endorsement. Following the OEC held in Luxembourg, the Union undertook to produce a new draft text of the Code of Conduct and indicated its readiness to reflect and consult on how it could further support the future multilateral negotiations, as well as subscription to, and implementation of, the future Code of Conduct.
Council Decision 2012/281/CFSP(1), implemented by UNIDIR, has been instrumental in supporting that process. It has allowed for the dissemination of information, the exchange of views and for building the capacities of stakeholders in the Code of Conduct, and has resulted in increased awareness and understanding of the Code of Conduct. The key activities under that Decision have been regional seminars (Kuala Lumpur, December 2012; Addis Ababa, March 2013; Mexico City, June 2013; Astana, October 2013) and the abovementioned multilateral meetings in Vienna (June 2012), Kyiv (May 2013), Bangkok (November 2013) and Luxembourg (May 2014) that served as a platform to present and discuss the Code internationally and show the Union's commitment to a transparent and inclusive process.
In its ‘Study on outer-space transparency and confidence-building measures’ dated 12 July 2013, the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), established by the UN Secretary-General pursuant to UN General Assembly Resolution 65/68, noted the presentation of the Code of Conduct by the Union, as well as the OEC held in Kyiv. In the conclusions and recommendations of its study, the GGE endorsed efforts to pursue political commitments, such as a multilateral code of conduct to encourage responsible actions in, and the peaceful use of, outer space.
On 5 December 2013, the UN General Assembly adopted by consensus Resolution A/RES/68/50 on transparency and confidence-building measures in outer-space activities, welcoming the report of the UN Secretary-General containing the study of the GGE and noting the presentation by the Union of the draft Code of Conduct. That Resolution further encourages UN Member States to review and implement the transparency and confidence-building measures (TCBMs) proposed by the GGE and requests the Secretary-General to circulate the report to the relevant entities and organisations of the UN in order that they may assist in effectively implementing the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report. Relevant UN entities and organisations are further encouraged to coordinate on matters related to the recommendations contained in the report.
Considering the momentum gained in the process of OEC led by the Union on the draft Code of Conduct and the wish of international partners for the Union to continue to lead this process towards final adoption of the Code of Conduct and provide means for its implementation immediately after adoption, the support for the process, successfully started under Decision 2012/281/CFSP, should continue on the basis of a new Council Decision.
The new Council Decision should support further work to enhance awareness of TCBMs in outer-space activities, including the proposal for an international Code of Conduct, as well as negotiations on the Code of Conduct and its formal adoption, while assistance for the implementation of the Code of Conduct and its point of contact could be provided through a future Council Decision
The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) and UNIDIR should be entrusted by the Council with the technical implementation of this Decision. While UNODA already plays a key role in the implementation of the recommendations in the 2013 report by the UN GEE on TCBMs in outer-space activities, UNIDIR will be in a position to build on the experience gained in regional outreach activities under Decision 2012/281/CFSP,